hi.

i wana do revision on BIOENERGETICS.

hehe

again, dun read, ull fall aslp.

bioenergetic:
the study of chgs during metabolic reactions using the basic principles of thermodynamics.
thermodynamics:
conversion of energy into its diff forms n its reaction[interaction] with matter.

Atp:
[LINK BETWEEN EXERGONIC N ENDERGONIC REACTIONS.]
form of E, readily used by energy requiring reactions.
consists of
1.phosphate chain
2.ribos.
3.adenine.

ATP-ADP-AMP
conversion would release of E. with teh cleavage of phosphoanhydride bond.

FEC.free energy change. [deltaGprime.]
amount of energy available during a metabolic reaction

SFEC.standard free energy chg. [delta G knot]
Free E chg under standard conditions.

biochemical free E chg [delta g prime knot]
Free energy change under physiological conditions. PH7.

only study FEC.
Gprime.
Gprime=0. reaction at EQM. no requriring E or relase of E.
" >0. reaction release E
" < 0- reaction uses up E.

calculations
Gprime= Gprime knot-lnproduct/reactant.
[correctns:G prime= Gknotprime- RTlnK"]
[whrR= gas constant = 8.312J n T= in kelvin]

during eqm conditons:
Gknot prime= -RTlnk"

Reduced coenzymes;
reduced form : nadh, fadh2, [+nadph]
role: capture free E from a metabolic reaction measured as difff in reduction potential.

DONE.

next one is...
cmajor metabolic pathway

stage1: macromolecules broken down into their building blocks.
stage 2: oxidation of stage 1 products into acetyl CoA + limited E productn.
stage 3: oxidation of acetyl coa into cos ,h2o n E[most produced.]

proteins.carbo.fat.

..............glycolysis
pyruvate........
............acetyl coa.
tca cycle
oxidative phospho.

dietry carbo
: salivary alpha amylase in mouth,
polysaccharides, maltose, sucrose,lactose
: stomach
:small intestines : paancreatic alpha amylase[+maltase,sucrase,lactase]
monosaccharides.
: absorbed through small intestines
: monos in blood.

Tag, triacylglycerols
: panreatic lipase
monoglycerols n FA
: resynthesized into TAG
:comine with
1.apoproteins
2.phosphoglycerols
3.cholesterols
: form chylomicrons
: brought by blood to liver.

carbo metabolism:
glycolysis ----------------------------- 2 atp + 2 nadh
convert 2 pyruvate- 2 acetyl coa-------2 nadh
tca cycle-------------------------------2 (1gtp, 1 fadh2. 3 nadh)
:::: 1 nadh= 3 atp
:::: 1 fadhs = 2 atp
:::: 1 gtp= same

total atp produced by 6C glucose, 38 atp. calculations do first duh.

lactate fermentation:

PURPOSE IS TO KEEP GLYCOLYSIS GOING.
in teh absence of O2.

pyruvate + nadh2 + h= lactte + nad+

i glucose = 2 pyruvate= give rise to 2 lactate.

use up 2 nadh = net gain of only 2 atp.

4Gs

THIS IS MY FAVOURITE. HEHE

glycolysis: anaerabic metabolism of glucose

gluconeogenesis: sysnthesis of glucose ffrom non- carbo precursors, purpose is to provide E to muscles.

glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

glycogenesis: systhesis of glycogen from glucose. happens when glucose gets attached to an enzyme called glycogenin
: enzyme catalyst reaction, require E.

k now, my fren is testing me on lipid metabolicm. adios.