Wednesday, August 30, 2006
im bored.
i jus woke up from aft noon nap.
n its not enough.=S
i hav to study OC now.
tata.
rai~
ms Flower ended @ 5:21 PM
Tuesday, August 29, 2006
oi.
bloggy, saye penat...
mind saye penat.
saye ade lots mroe to go...
few more chapters to go n im tired la...
im exhausted u noe.
i dun hate this subject but im tired.
my dude is right, why la tp cramp all subs.
God, pls help me. dun make me sleep pls. make my brain work. till as long as im awake. so dun let me sleep for as long as i read.please make my memory work. thankiew.=)
ms Flower ended @ 9:35 PM
yo!
hehe
im back home. 2.15.
so early..
niwae im gng out later.
not for fun la. go study with my fren at library.
niwae, jus now's maths paper was demoralising.
i cudnt find area.
i lost 10 marks from last qn.
sure i got careless here n tehre..
n my frens oso la say canot do last qn...
haiya.
niwae.
my stomach buat hal in teh middle of ppr. cam toot kan.
but nvm...
thursdae,
cant wait for thursdae baybeh=)
tata
rai~
ms Flower ended @ 2:20 PM
Monday, August 28, 2006
elo welo.hehe.
my dad buy for me choc again.
weeee~
abah, ure making me fat.but i
loike.=)
hehe
da~
ms Flower ended @ 3:22 PM
heya.
im siap-ing for sch rite now..hehe.
so bored.
noe wad.
yest i dreamt of booboo again.
its nt a gd dream though, as usual-_-"
haha...
wish me luck for tdae's paper.
its PRINCIPLES OF INORGANIC N PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY,wadever that means.
k
kena go now.
tata.
hav a nice dae people.=)
ms Flower ended @ 7:39 AM
Sunday, August 27, 2006
man...
i hate myself.
actually no.
i hate my sleeping pattern.
yes, that sounds better
n logical.hehe
i wanted to read PIPC jus now..
then i ended up sleeping.-_-"
until 2.
ah yela...
ms Flower ended @ 1:59 PM
ala...
i thought ill dream of booboo.
tak dream pun...
but i dreamt of him smlm..haha. yeay.
but not nice la.
haha
dreams about him usualy not nice, wad to do.
k so todae.. i duno which to revise!
to many!
haha..
k i won revise OC.
k so it wud be...
read pipc morning.
do matha aft.
slp.
go thru pipc again mlm.
set arh.
hehe
wah.
my bio nvr touch sia.errr=S
kk.
da~
ouh, morning btw. hehe.
ms Flower ended @ 9:49 AM
Saturday, August 26, 2006
booboo online... at 11.50 plus pm..
saye sooooo happy tau=)
sayang booboo=)
ms Flower ended @ 11:59 PM
hi.im wondering.=/why must 'it' be different?......
ms Flower ended @ 9:45 AM
Friday, August 25, 2006
boo!
hehe
elooo.
noe wad.
this afternoon, i slpt like a pig sia!
from 2 to 5 plus...
ishh.
that means, i studied hard the night before..
right..
hehe.
its 9.37 pm now...
i ought to study sumting
but im taking a break la.
i was filing up all those notes n notes n more notes.
lecture notes accumulate to inches i tell u.
waste of paper, [a month from now, ill dump them into mr tong.]
since i summarise them note of about 10 papers each subject=)
ouh yea.
my family is so
kecoh.haha in a good way.
i see empty boxes in the living room.
wth?
we wont be shifting until _ months time.
n my mother is asking me to pack my things.
*shakes head*
i duno why.
but i like to think of wad colour my room would be painted.
any suggestions anybody?
i thought of pinkish purple on 2 walls with blue.. and some white walls.
green is also a nice colour.
brown is off my list.
yellow is so 'obit' haha
anything light would be very dull, for a room.
a room ought to be lively.=)
hehehehe....
haiya. boring sia.
sp students all done with their papers.
im not jealous.
=)
ouh, did i tell u biochem paper jus now was actually 3 hours.
but i walked out after 2 hours.
hehe.
i did the paper for 1.5 hours, checked yaada2 for half hour n tada~
i got out, n got home.
=)
n yes,
my dad belikan choco.
ouh, sayang my father.
thankiew byk byk.
kla i ought to read some organice chemistry.
i suck in OC.
gd night.
happy partying sp people *sigh*
*muah*
rai~
ms Flower ended @ 9:43 PM
BLOGGY.
hehe
eloo
im home. n i was hungry. i ate first jus now..
k so yah...
hmmm...
my biochemistry paper was just now.
the paper was... i guess its ok.
i felt like i was doing Olvl bio paper.
its not easy.
but its like that, that standard and its like same lah.
except for some multiple choice qns which i HATE.
i duno sia..
let me show it to u. haha



ala...
like that i confirm loose 3 amrks from multiple choice.
sedih=(
my frens all pandai la. hai...
till thursday, im nt gng out of my house, except for sch [DUH]
boring kan.=\
okla.. nak tido. ngantok ah.
i mlm den study=)
da~
ms Flower ended @ 1:36 PM
Thursday, August 24, 2006
bloggy
i hav such happy news.
i checked my weight.
it is _ _kg.
hehehehe!
yes!
thats including the fact that i eat ice cream alot this month...
n i eat alot..
n i always ask my dad to buy for me chocolate..
n i sumtimes hav supper.
yeay.
thnx God=)
rai~
ms Flower ended @ 8:43 PM
helo bloggy!
saye miss blogging. hehe..
niwae. wad happen todae was..
i went to library with faj, n her fren, mai to study.
tp library btw.
so far rite.. go there all the way to study.
so i met her at 10.30..
study pipc
had lunch at 3-4...
slpt from duno wad time to 5.30
i cant bliv i really slept while sitting down ah.
then they laff at my after-wake-up face,
haha...
k so i recalled biochem. until 6.15 then go home..
so.. in the bus,
booboo:
do u know how frustrating it is to smell ur perfume AGAIN.
like tsk u noe.
asik jumpe bau perfume awak aje... bukannye jumpe awak. haha
but niwae, i was like enjoying myself la the smell so nice.
skali noe wad, an old chinese woman came sitting down bside me.
she smelled of
buah asam.-_-"actually i dun care la
but hello, no more perfume smell after she sat bside me sia.
man...
huahua....
but nvm though,
its actually also our nose receptors,
nose receptors are sensitive yet non lasting.
so ok the smell u would smell would disappear after a short while.
ouh man.
im recalling bio.
rai is a geek!
aRGh...
hehe.
rai lame la.
rai boring skrg nie.
niwae no one is at home.
n im so lazy to heat up food la.
i wish my mom would come home bringing some food. hehehe!
tata
good night.
my exam is tmr tau. wish me luck yeah!
*muah*
ms Flower ended @ 8:19 PM
Tuesday, August 22, 2006
hey hey hey.
im online with mr dude.
but he reply so slow.
see, i can blog somemore. haha
ouh.
tadi in school, for lunch, my fren la ask me buy prate cheese + egg.
k fine.. i buy.
i wished i bought sumting else.
k da~
ms Flower ended @ 9:57 PM
elooooooo.
im in school.
im so bORED.
faj is bside me btw. but she stil msn me. haha.
how i wish mr dude is online la.. but i tink he's in sch or sumwhere... nvm.
n i haven eat lunch..
later i hav a class from 2-4..argh so late..ill get home like 5 plus 6..
n i noe wad date my pham would be shifting..
so late la.
haven yet renovate pulak tu.
-_-"
eh. macam nak oreo ah.=D
hehe later i go vm n buy.
ms Flower ended @ 12:09 PM
morning!
hello.
im supposed to be siap-ing for sch. but nvm...
ouh, its so nice to know my floorball fren miss me.
hehe.
dodo: i noe la, u boring rite i not in fb animore. i noe lah ;)
haha..
dodo is the best buddy around.
who would laff at the lamest slang/joke/etc..
nvm dodo, satu hari kite gi orchard lagi=D
kay so...
ouh booboo: hi.=)
u noe,
yesterday, i havent slept yet wen u gav me the sms.
neither has my mom.
so yah, sryi didnt reply u.
cos then, my mom would question me.
niwae, wad a nice gd night msg.
n saye tak sakit pun awak=)
tak payahla nak kate get well soon. haha
yeay.
i slpt directly bside my mom sumore.
thank God, nothing.
saye rindu awak okeh.
=
da~
ms Flower ended @ 7:09 AM
Monday, August 21, 2006
=D
elo.
im toking to dodo on msn.
im so HAPPY.=)
i cant wait till after exams.
meet her. meet her. meet all=)
da~
good night.
my sis's chicky pox cream smells=S
ms Flower ended @ 11:47 PM
hello.
its 6pm.
i noe i noe...
im not supposed to be here.
u c my bio notes then ull know.
digestive system really wear me down sia.
i oredi crammed in biochem.
dun ask me cram in summore.
n i feel lethargic. damn.
but i dun feel feverish. yeay.
ouh.
u noe, my mom, forever associating wad i ask her with guys,
like wth?
k for example, jus now, she steamed some corn.
weird u noe.
she nvr do that..
so i ask..
me: mak, asal mak rebus jagung?..
her: [marah tone] sbab laki kau kasi
me: -_-".. ouh, bile die datang?
her: -_-" [forget wad she said]
like no relation kan?
forever associating my qns with guy.
-_-"
sometimes i feel shutting up is sometimes, golden.=)
kla bye.
booboo: ur nickname is worst than mine ok. kutip! huh. haha=P
ms Flower ended @ 6:05 PM
hi.
i wana do revision on BIOENERGETICS.
hehe
again, dun read, ull fall aslp.
bioenergetic:
the study of chgs during metabolic reactions using the basic principles of thermodynamics.
thermodynamics:
conversion of energy into its diff forms n its
reaction[interaction
] with matter.
Atp:
[LINK BETWEEN EXERGONIC N ENDERGONIC REACTIONS.]
form of E, readily used by energy requiring reactions.
consists of
1.phosphate chain
2.ribos.
3.adenine.
ATP-ADP-AMP
conversion would release of E. with teh cleavage of phosphoanhydride bond.
FEC.free energy change. [deltaGprime.]
amount of energy available during a metabolic reaction
SFEC.standard free energy chg. [delta G knot]
Free E chg under standard conditions.
biochemical free E chg [delta g prime knot]
Free energy change under physiological conditions. PH7.
only study FEC.
Gprime.
Gprime=0. reaction at EQM. no requriring E or relase of E.
" >0. reaction release E
" < 0- reaction uses up E.
calculations
Gprime= Gprime knot-lnproduct/reactant.
[correctns:G prime= Gknotprime- RTlnK"]
[whrR= gas constant = 8.312J n T= in kelvin]
during eqm conditons:
Gknot prime= -RTlnk"
Reduced coenzymes;
reduced form : nadh, fadh2, [+nadph]
role: capture free E from a metabolic reaction measured as difff in reduction potential.
DONE.
next one is...
cmajor metabolic pathway
stage1: macromolecules broken down into their building blocks.
stage 2: oxidation of stage 1 products into acetyl CoA + limited E productn.
stage 3: oxidation of acetyl coa into cos ,h2o n E[most produced.]
proteins.carbo.fat.
..............glycolysis
pyruvate........
............acetyl coa.
tca cycle
oxidative phospho.
dietry carbo
: salivary alpha amylase in mouth,
polysaccharides, maltose, sucrose,lactose
: stomach
:small intestines : paancreatic alpha amylase[+maltase,sucrase,lactase]
monosaccharides.
: absorbed through small intestines
: monos in blood.
Tag, triacylglycerols
: panreatic lipase
monoglycerols n FA
: resynthesized into TAG
:comine with
1.apoproteins
2.phosphoglycerols
3.cholesterols
: form chylomicrons
: brought by blood to liver.
carbo metabolism:
glycolysis ----------------------------- 2 atp + 2 nadh
convert 2 pyruvate- 2 acetyl coa-------2 nadh
tca cycle-------------------------------2 (1gtp, 1 fadh2. 3 nadh)
:::: 1 nadh= 3 atp
:::: 1 fadhs = 2 atp
:::: 1 gtp= same
total atp produced by 6C glucose, 38 atp. calculations do first duh.
lactate fermentation:
PURPOSE IS TO KEEP GLYCOLYSIS GOING.
in teh absence of O2.
pyruvate + nadh2 + h= lactte + nad+
i glucose = 2 pyruvate= give rise to 2 lactate.
use up 2 nadh = net gain of only 2 atp.
4Gs
THIS IS MY FAVOURITE. HEHE
glycolysis: anaerabic metabolism of glucose
gluconeogenesis: sysnthesis of glucose ffrom non- carbo precursors, purpose is to provide E to muscles.
glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
glycogenesis: systhesis of glycogen from glucose. happens when glucose gets attached to an enzyme called glycogenin
: enzyme catalyst reaction, require E.
k now, my fren is testing me on lipid metabolicm. adios.
ms Flower ended @ 10:26 AM
hi.
now is 10.07.
im not having a fever, yet?
arghhh its driving me nuts.
niwae yes yes im still healthy,
for how long more?
arghhh... fear factor.. noo..
HEHE.
kk reason to blog: PLAN!
i forgot to plan jus now sia.
too paranoid.
niwae... kk.
im done with my room. k maybe not yet.
*kemas room..*
k dah.
im done with breakfast...
my dad brought home prata AFTER ive eaten.
ah yela...
10.30am to 1pm. read biochemmy.
1pm-2pm. read digestive system of HAP.
2pm-3pm.eat lunch.
3pm-4pm/4.30.HAP notes.
[depends if i would like to draw alot=)]
4.30-8pm.HAP everything.
8pm-9pm-dinner.
9pm-before sleep, look through MASTEC.
k ive planned.
i hope to follow.
n booboo:
wad if i really got the virus? i cant meet u leh.tsk. later u kena how...
woah..tsk.
hope for the best=)
n yah! wad if i get sick on tchers day.
i wana meet all my frens. GUN!
nvm, ill still come. ill hug everybody n giv them the virus. HEHEHEHE!
tata.
take care everybody.
*muah*
rai~
ms Flower ended @ 10:12 AM
k hello.morning!
now is 8.40 in the morning...
n i jus smsed my fren say i cant come sch.
tsk.
the bad news is...
i oso may hav the virus from my mom!
i showed her the red spots and she said it could be 'it'.
alah..
then i said la to my sister[who oredy got it, oredi having fever], that i dun have fever mah, so it may not be 'it'.
then she say it happens that way, red spots come out first, then the fever would come.
=(
saye sedih....
saye nak buat exams, in peace. with a peaceful healthy mind.
i want to study=(
i dun care about the spots.okok, maybe i do.
i dunwan fever.
pls God, help me please.
rai~
ms Flower ended @ 8:44 AM
Sunday, August 20, 2006
feels so good to be ONLINE.
hehe.
booboo, wherever u are, alah u weak ah nvr online.
if not, can tok to u n kacau u, until u feel like pinching me in the face. hehe.
im taking a break from studying, jus like my schedule.
tmr, instead of gng oc consultation hrs with them, i study wid faj=)
yeay.
study biochemmy.
i haven dinner sia.
n ii have lesser time to eat.
nvm nvm....
k i wana eat now.
tata.
nite nite
*muah*
ms Flower ended @ 8:42 PM
helo.
so many things to do.
so little time.
first, my room is in a mess.
funny how i dun remember messing it up.
must be my mother! nyahahahahaha...
crap.
lets plan again okae.
btw, yesterday i did biochem notes till b4 3. i followed the schedule ok!
jus taht at nite i was distracted by space jam..
bu stil, during the commercials, i read the notes.
lets recall beb!=D
dun read this part. ull fall asleep.
metabolism: summation of all chemical reactions in an organismintermediary metabolism: process whereby a single highly reaction leads to a product that becomes a reactant for the next stepflux: flow of metabolites{intermediates through metabolic} pathwaymetabolites: small molecules in degradative/ biosysnthesis of biopolymerspathway: [forgot]...{sequence of reactions}2 paths of metabolism1. catabolism: degradative path. complex oragnic molecules degraded into simpler species. produce energy.2. anabolism: constructive path. building up{biosysnthesis} of complex organic molecules. requires energy.why in discreet step by step?1. regulation0.1 - energy mediated by energy donor/acceptor0.2- energy conservation in a manageable manner.2.limited reaction specificity of enzymes- synthesis/degradation of molecules follow a metabolic route that is defined by the amount of suitable enzyme as an active site of an enzyme only catalyses one step of a pathway.3.establish control points.- regulation of metabolism to blance demand n supply of energy with response to chgs in teh cellular environment/ requirements.highly regulated for:- living organisms able to respond with chgg envmt that includes availability of E/food.. eg starvation, excersise.- living organisms able to respond to genetically programmed instructions: reproduction, embryogenesis.regulated byfeedforward activation. a metabolite produced early in a pathway activates an enzyme that catalyse a reaction down a pathway.feedback inhibition. a product formed later in a pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme that catalyses reactions early in a pathway.ok tat was jus teh INTRODUCTION to metabolism.
i hav introduction of bioenergetics.
then the in-depth study of metabolism of carbohydrates n lipids.
that is just one chapter.
i have 7-1= 6 chapters.
ouh, i love my lecturer for taking out topic 2. i hate that dna topic whish i will NEVER score. as if i score on other topics. nyahahaha.
k plan for today.
till 11 kemas bilik.
till 12, breakfast.
till 3, do pipc.
3-4, lunch.
4-8- biochem.
8-9. dinner.
9- duno wen. do bc paper.
omg.
so crammed.
to my booboo:
im so sorry i cant make time for u.
as u can c, i cant even make time for mysef=(
next week iS SUPPOSED to be study week.
but i hav to come to sch for consultation hours n revision.
so its more or less like a normal schday.
so its like i must study within that week oso. so its soo crammed up.
i dun really have free days to study.[todae is teh last one, its a sunday mind u]
im so sorry for u.
i know when u are busy, i still could meet u somehow.
tats y ure the greatest bf.=D
[n omg, my mom jus asked me to do chores.-_-"][damn, im not superwoman]k yes booboo,
im realy just so sry.
just wait till tchers day kay.
ill c u then if u come.
but u wan to c me rite... hehehe!
kkk.
go soccer or jam or something k.
=)
take care booboo.
i miss u dear, just as much as u miss me.
da~
ms Flower ended @ 10:08 AM
heyy.=)
morning.
its saturday morning n im going to do my notes soon.
lets plan okae=)
today.
later - 3 biochem notes.
3-4 lunch etc
4-8- PIPC.
read.notes.etc.
8-9 dinner etc
9- before i sleep, read biochem
whoo.
as though ill follow all of these.
dun be surprised if i do.=)
rai is..
half happy,
a little confused. maybe 5 %
40% wants to study
still a little sleepy
hehe
dahlah, crap.
n booboo, saye miss awak tau.
i look forward to end of my exams heehehe.
da~
ms Flower ended @ 10:10 AM
Friday, August 18, 2006
helo.
wen i came home, the first ting on my mind was 'FOOD'.
hehehe..
ive bcum forever hungry like my booboo bf. haha
niwae ive eaten. i hav notes to do. ill start at 8.30.
niwae,
to the man sitting bside me in the bus just now,
thanks alot for reminding me i havent sat bside my bf for a long time liao.
u wore the same perfume as him.
da~
ms Flower ended @ 8:04 PM
Thursday, August 17, 2006
elo.
actually today i wanted to ____.
but i couldnt.
TSK.
alot more to go sia. im just down with two.
lerh...
todae is our LAST OC tutorial.
im gona miss miss ler...
she teaches like
so good la.
n she does those
chem reactions like a piece of cake.
but most importantly, she makes us understand the topic=D
thank you ms ler.
i hope i do well for your OC.
n yeah,
i love u for saying ''even people with no chem backgrd could do it''. HEHE.
i duno why the others dun like her so much.
for the other scolding, i have no comments lah.
what i can say is, nothing happens for the 'wrong' reason.
=)
yesterday was our last PIPC tutorial.
n im soo happy.
i dun quite like the tutor.
not only me lah, the whole class,perhaps.
i ever sat with joanne, she too dun like him.
he treats us like dogs la.
i duno how to say but he expect us to understand the whole thing in a jiffy.
like wth la.
then if like do sumting careless he will kind of shout. like EEE.
but i like mdm kalpana the most.
the nicest tutor=)
n..
ouh i duno if booboo is reading this,
nvm if he doesnt. haha its crap niwae.
but tdae is like weird
i keep thinking of booboo throughout my bus journey.
haha.... then i finally smsed him=P
k so.. i wana eat. ill do OC n BC notes mlm mlm, InsyaAllah=)
tata
kite rindu booboo okae.
da~
ms Flower ended @ 5:22 PM
wah lau.
ah beng scare me oni.
say OC at 3. cis.
aku dahla lum mandi...hehehe OPPS.
i skipped HAP todae.. huahua.. ouh n biochem.=)
boiboi.
ms Flower ended @ 11:36 AM
Tuesday, August 15, 2006
e
hlow=)
i hope i made someone
happy tdae. ade org tu dpt testimonial=P
i really hope i could go for tchers day.
lets say its on 31st august, i will be able to go since its the
last day of my exams.
today was
stupid day.
i wont write it down.
i would sound like an
IDIOT.i mean
really.but then i went to sp met
maslina.
she forever crapping
n asking me c the alyssa video
haha so cute her niece.
so there,do my notes.
k 2 hap chaps done.
onli -_-"
k so i went home near 7...
then yahoo....~
hehe
perhaps u cant understand why i was
happy=)
n haha
at the mrt station,
hehe
mas suke je the part
''so inconsiderate''ahaha.
hai
i got maths.
but i wan dinner first=D
tata.
gd nite ppl
muah*rai~
ms Flower ended @ 7:37 PM
Monday, August 14, 2006
im online.
till 8.
then id do tutorials.
n yeay, i got back biochem test. 13/20.
haha,
im not bothered by low marks oredi la.
my frens byk fail.
and HAP.
i hope i do well for the test.
tata~
ms Flower ended @ 7:53 PM
Sunday, August 13, 2006
helo.
im doing HAP notes n im bored.
k i dreamt of booboo smlm.
bad bad dream.haha.
kla bye!
ms Flower ended @ 5:55 PM
fireworks yest was nice.
afterwhich i went home with booboo and affiq who dozed off like nobodys biz.
haha.
kk
i heard this song.
quite nice.
bt sad u noe!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4biM_jgomlwyeah.
i hope i dun hav to dedicate this song to booboo one day.
=)
sayang booboo=)
tata.
rai~
ms Flower ended @ 12:14 PM
Friday, August 11, 2006
am i gona catch a cold. i hope not.
jus now was OC test. organic chemistry.
ala everyone oso duno how to do.
=S
sleepy ah.bye.
ms Flower ended @ 8:03 PM
Wednesday, August 09, 2006
hehehe!
fireworks yesterday was great.
niwae
i hav school tomorrow.
i used booboo's name to lie.
ehehehehe!
sorry booboo nvr ask permission but its nth lah.
ndp was great.
gd night.=)
ms Flower ended @ 10:28 PM
Tuesday, August 08, 2006
hiiiiiiiii.
im so excited lah.
todae im gona meet booboo gibbon and itik.
awwww.
so sweet.
padahal jus yesterday i met booboo. hehe
watch lakehouse. haha
its nice but the storyline i oso pening man!
but i enjoyed aniwae.=D
ouh
we met an unexpected person at ljs
we met fir
cis
kacau je org nak dating hahahaha
kidding.
so ok booboo
u owe me one trip to tp kay.=)
i cant wait for fireworks!
=D
ms Flower ended @ 10:32 AM
Saturday, August 05, 2006
funny how they see it clearly while i doubt it.
my 3 bestfriends were right all these while.
im at peace.
for not a good reason.
ms Flower ended @ 12:25 PM
Friday, August 04, 2006
wad a waste of effort of studying till midnight.
i hate that test.
n whats worst, cher said exam is going to be much more difficult.
omg?
my brain is gona explode la like this....
so sad u noe.
i remember all the formula..
for acetate chlorate perchlorate etc etc.
n how i noe if goldfish would die after placing it in boiled water which is cooled quickly.[???!!!]
rai!
u hav to study!
hav to practise maths more!
hav to revise all tutorials back.
hav to stop making stupid mistakes.
hav to stop using comp.
i noe what.
i shall make a deal with my mother.
if i use too much of comp unnecessarily, she reduce my pocket money.
wah.
=
bye.
ms Flower ended @ 6:21 PM
Thursday, August 03, 2006
home sweet home.
n very early.yeay=)
i can sleep.
i can blaja for tomoro.
=)
ouh.
i met
sick booboo yesterday.
so nice to meet him after a few days hehe.
nuthing much happen in sch.
sch is always
boring.
wad to do.
tata.
ms Flower ended @ 2:55 PM